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resources
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resources > studies, reports, and articles
There are numerous books, studies, reports, and articles describing animal cruelty, including:
Below lists a few documents and resources. UPDATE: An animal cruelty case study with multiple interview forms to assess animal and human risk from potential abusers has been added below. These forms are for use by mental health practitioners and social workers in the human welfare field, but others may find them of use as well.
General: Animal Cruelty • Collaborating to Assess, Intervene, and Prosecute Animal Abuse: A Continuum of Protection for Children and Animals, Barbara w. Boat, Lynn Loar, and Allie Phillips - Boat Inventory on Animal-Related Experiences (20 questions) NOTE: The top article has the same form with interview questions but lists 10 questions; it is also slightly updated to include all animals. Farm animals or exotics should be included in any discussion of animal cruelty, not just pets. • Animal Cruelty Issues: What Juvenile and Family Court Judges Need to Know, Diane Balkin, et al. • Book: The International Handbook of Animal Abuse and Cruelty; Theory, Research, and Application, edited by Ascione, 2008 • Book: Animal Maltreatment: Forensic Mental Health Issues and Evaluations, Levitt, Patronek, & Grisso, 2016 • Book: Animal Law: Case and Materials, Waisman, Frasch, & Wagman, 2019, Sixth Edition • Book: Child Abuse, Domestic Violence, and Animal Abuse, Ascione & Arkow, 1999 • Book: Animal Law: Welfare, Interest, and Rights, Favre, third edition • Michigan State University College of Law: Animal Legal & Historical Web Center This website provides animal-related data for all states; includes statutory and case law. • Faunalytics - Large library of research about animal issues and animal advocacy. • Lewis & Clark Law School: Center for Animal Law Studies • TUFTS University: Center for Animals and Public Policy • Harvard Law School: Animal Law & Policy Program • Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF) • National Sheriff Association: Webpage appears to no longer provides\ access.
• Police One: Why Addressing Animal Cruelty Crimes Matters • Resource: Protocols for Veterinarians for Reporting and Documenting Animal Cruelty • Cruelty to Animals and Other Crimes: A Study by the MSPCA and Northwestern University, 1999, Luke, Arluke, & Levin • The Relationship of Animal Abuse to Violence and Other Forms of Antisocial Behavior, Arluke, et al., 1999 • The New York Times: The Animal-Cruelty Syndrome • Opinion: Can We See Our Hypocrisy to Animals? by Nicholas Kristof • National: Study - Dogs bond with owners similar to babies with parents
The Link: Animal-Human Violence • A general description of "The Link" and laws specific to Minnesota can be found on this website at The Link. • Multiple studies located at www.nationallinkcoalition.org • Sheriff & Deputy: The "Link" and Law Enforcement: Crimes Against Animals are Crimes Against People, Phil Arkow, 2019 • Understanding the Link Between Violence to Animals and People: A Guidebook for Criminal Justice Professionals, Allie Phillips, NDAA, 2014 • Int'l Journal Envtl. Res. & Pub. Health: Understanding the Link Between Animal Cruelty and Family Violence: The Bioecological Systems Model, Jegatheesan, et al., 2020 • Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs: Power and Control Wheel, 2017 Compare to Power and Control Wheel adapted for animal abuse (scroll down on page). • Children's Experiences of Companion Animal Maltreatment in Households Characterized by Intimate Partner Violence, McDonald, et al., 2015 • Animal Legal Defense Fund: Animal Cruelty's Link to Other Forms of Violences • The Link: Cruelty to Animals and Violence Toward People, Hodges, 2008 • AntiSocial Behavior: The Relationship of Animal Abuse to Violence and Other Forms of Antisocial Behavior, Arluke, 1999 • School Massacres: Animal Abuse as a Warning Sign of School Massacres, Arluke, 2013 Need to pay full access to view article. • Domestic Violence: Animal Maltreatment as a Risk Marker of More Frequent and Severe Forms of Intimate Partner Violence, Barrett, et al., 2017 Need to place a request to the author for full access. • Domestic Violence: Safe Havens for Pets: Guidelines for Programs Sheltering Pets for Women Who Are Battered, Ascione, 2000 • Domestic Violence: Battered Women's Reports of Their Partners' and Their Children's Cruelty to Animals, Ascione, 1998 • Elder Abuse and Animals: Creating Safer Communities for Older Adults and Companion Animals, HSUS and Dept of Health and Family Services, WI, 2003 • Elder Abuse and Animals: Experiences and Needs of Adult Protective Services Case Managers When Assisting Clients Who have Companion Animals, Boat, et al., 2008 Need to place request to author for access to study • Child Abuse and Animals: The Give and Take in the Human-Animals Bond: Three Tales of Spirit Healing, Jegatheesan, 2009 Need to place request to author for access to study • Child Abuse and Animals: The Relationship Between Violence to Children and Violence to Animals: An Ignored Link?, Boat, 1995 Need to place request to author for access to study • Child Abuse and Animals: The Care of Pets Within Child Abusing Families, DeViney, et. al., 1983 • Child Abuse and Animals: Children Who Witness Domestic Violence: A Review of Empirical Literature, Kolbo, et al., 1996 • Child Abuse and Animals: Animal Cruelty by Children Exposed to Domestic Violence, Currie, 2006 Need to purchase full PDF or can access through different organizations • Child Abuse and Animals: Assessing Children's Experiences with Animal Cruelty: Assessment, Treatment, Community Needs, and Policy Considerations, Lewchanin and Randour, 2008 (within The International Handbook of ANimal Abuse and Cruelty: Theory, Research, and Application, Ascione, 2008) • Child Abuse and Animals: Animal Abuse at Early Age Linked to Interpersonal Violence, Quinn, 2000 • Child Abuse and Animals: Animal Abuse and Child Maltreatment: A Review of the Literature and Findings from a UK Study, Hackett & Uprichard, 2007 • Juveniles: Animal Abuse and Youth Violence, Ascione, 2001 • Juveniles: Learning to be Cruel?: Exploring the Onset and Frequency of Animal Cruelty, Hinslet & Tallichet, 2005
Medical • Medical: Evidence for Developmentally Based Diagnoses of Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder, Loeber, et al., 1993 • Medical: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association, 1987 • Medical: Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review of Factor Analyses and Cross-Validation in a Clinical Sample, Frick, et al., 1993
Specific Crimes Against Animals Since 2016, the FBI has included animal cruelty within its crime tracking system called NIBRS. It has grouped "animal cruelty" into four categories. Learn more about NIBRS and how the MN BCA is working with reporting agencies in Minnesota. • Animal Sexual Abuse: Arrest and Prosecution of Animal Sex Abuse (Bestiality) Offenders in the United States, 1975-2015 • Animal Hoarding: Structuring Interdisciplinary Responses to Help People, Animals, and Communities at Risk 3 Learn more about animal hoarding. • National: Penn Vet study finds pet store puppies come with increased risk
The science of animal health and welfare Key to any discussion of animal cruelty is the science of animal health and welfare. What defines the 'health and well-being' of each animal (and who makes this determination) can influence the results and outcomes of any investigation, regulation, prosecution, or sentencing. The World Health Organization defines "health" as:
"Well-being" is defined (as per David Fraser, Research Scientist, Centre for Food and Animal Research)
In some scientific literature, well-being is a component of health while others consider the reverse to be true — that health is a component of well-being. While there are exceptions, both terms — 'health' and 'well-being' — are most commonly considered to include both physical and mental aspects. Animal well-being There are numerous studies dealing with dogs and cats specifically. Some of these studies document the conditions of animals (physical and emotional/mental states) due to lack of proper care in high volume facilities; other studies provide examples of positive treatment of animals. One key study was conducted by Dr. Frank McMillan from Best Friends Animal Society. Over 1,000 dogs from breeding facilities were assessed with a focus on mental health.
Because dogs can't speak, scientists have relied on behavioral observations to infer what dogs are thinking. By using M.R.I. scanners, scientists have now looked directly at dogs' brains to see how they work. Conclusion: "The ability to experience positive emotions, like love and attachment, would mean that dogs have a level of sentience comparable to that of a human child. And this ability suggests a rethinking of how we treat dogs." Link to article describing the findings is below.
In 2010, the Association for Shelter Veterinarians (ASV) created Guidelines for Standards of Care in Animal Shelters. This was a major initiative that, among other goals, "establishes what is required for a decent quality of life for populations of companion animals." These guidelines are not only a tool for animal care and well-being in shelters, but could be seen as a resource for how populations of dogs and cats in other facilities, such as breeding facilities, should be handled.
Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health (Bilbao, Spain) has held forums and published reports on Farm Animal Well-Being, asking questions such as:
The group developed a 5-Step Animal Welfare Rating Standards Program.
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